oil for Volkswagen Economy issue of Automotive industry
Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.7 The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down.8 It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport.9 Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.10 Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.1112 However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.8 In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.13
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry#Economy
As car dealers cheat?
Used cars are mostly purchased vehicles. Associated with them, however, a certain risk. Although a large part of the parameters of the vehicle is in the documents attached to the car, there are also such parameters, which often indicate the actual state of the car, but still are often counterfeited by selling such cars. One of the most important parameters to which we should pay attention when buying a used car is the amount of kilometers driven by it. Many retailers indulges in illegal manipulations in this area, and then sold their equipment is in much worse condition than shown in the offer.
Reciprocating
Classification
There are several possible ways to classify internal combustion engines.
Reciprocating:
By number of strokes
Two-stroke engine
Clerk Cycle 1879 6
Day Cycle
Four-stroke engine (Otto cycle)
Six-stroke engine
By type of ignition
Compression-ignition engine
Spark-ignition engine (commonly found as gasoline engines)
By mechanical/thermodynamical cycle (these 2 cycles do not encompass all reciprocating engines, and are infrequently used):
Atkinson cycle
Miller cycle
Rotary:
Wankel engine
Continuous combustion:
Gas turbine
Jet engine
Rocket engine
Ramjet
The following jet engine types are also gas turbines types:
Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine